High multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in companion animals, southern Chile
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study investigated phenotypic antimicrobial resistance in bacterial isolates from clinical samples of dogs and cats in southern Chile between 2021 and 2022. A total of 140 samples (109 from dogs, 31 from cats) were analyzed. Bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed using standard biochemical methods and Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion, interpreted according to The Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The most frequent sample types were skin in dogs (50.5 %) and urine in cats (38.7 %). Coagulase-negative staphylococci (29.3 %), Escherichia coli (20.7 %), and Staphylococcus aureus (17.9 %) were the most commonly isolated bacteria. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in 52 % of S. aureus and 51.7 % of E. coli isolates. Two isolates showed profiles suggestive of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production. E. coli exhibited resistance to all tested antimicrobials except imipenem. These findings reveal worrisome resistance patterns in companion animals in southern Chile and underscore the urgent need to integrate these species into regional antimicrobial resistance surveillance efforts.
Article Details
References
Acar J, Röstel B. Antimicrobial resistance: an overview. Revue Scientifique et Technique. 2001;20(3):797–810. doi.org/10.20506/rst.20.3.1309. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.20.3.1309
Galarce N, Arriagada G, Sánchez F, Escobar B, Miranda M, Matus S, et al. Phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from household dogs in Chile. Frontiers Veterinary Science. 2023;10:1233127. doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1233127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1233127
World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization, World Organization for Animal Health, UN Environment Programme. Strategic Framework for Collaboration on Antimicrobial Resistance. 2022. https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240045408
Awosile BB, McClure JT, Saab ME, Heider LC. Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from cats and dogs from the Atlantic Provinces, Canada from 1994–2013. The Canadian Veterinary Journal. 2018;59(8):885–893. PMCID: PMC6049328.
Li Y, Fernández R, Durán I, Molina-López RA, Darwich L. Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from cats and dogs from the Iberian Peninsula. Frontiers Microbiology. 2021;11:621597. doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.621597. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.621597
Gómez-Beltrán DA, Villar D, López-Osorio S, Ferguson D, Monsalve LK, Chaparro-Gutiérrez JJ. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial isolates from dogs and cats in a veterinary diagnostic laboratory in Colombia from 2016–2019. Veterinary Sciences. 2020;7(4):173. doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040173
World Organization for Animal Health. OIE Annual Report on Antimicrobial Agents Intended for use in Animals (PDF). 2018. https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Our_scientific_expertise/docs/pdf/AMR/Annual_Report_AMR_3.pdf
Galarce N, Arriagada G, Sánchez F, Venegas V, Cornejo J, Lapierre L. Antimicrobial use in companion animals: assessing veterinarians’ prescription patterns through the first national survey in Chile. Animals. 2021;11(2):348. doi.org/10.3390/ani11020348. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020348
Zelaya C, Arriagada G, Galarce N, et al. A preliminary report on critical antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from healthy dogs in Chile during 2021-2022. Preventive veterinary medicine. 2024;224:106139 . doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106139
Galarce N, Muñoz L, Jara MA, Lubí P, Sepúlveda A, Anticevic S. Detección del gen mecA en cepas de staphylococcus coagulasa positiva aisladas desde gatos. Revista Chilena de Infectología. 2016;33(4):410–418. doi.org/10.4067/S0716-10182016000400005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0716-10182016000400005
Pinilla V. Cuantificación de la resistencia a meticilina en cepas de Staphylococcus spp. aisladas desde perros sanos y dermópatas (thesis dissertation). Santiago de Chile: Universidad de Chile; 2019.
World Organization for Animal Health. Chapter 1.1.2. Collection, submission, and storage of diagnostic specimens. In: Terrestrial Manual 2018 (PDF). https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/1.01.02_COLLECTION_DIAG_SPECIMENS.pdf
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. CLSI VET01-S2: 2ED 2013. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated from Animals. In: 2nd Informational Supplement. Wayne, PA, US; 2013.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. In: CLSI Supplement M100. 28th edition. Wayne, PA, US; 2018.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated from Animals. In: CLSI Supplement VET01S. 7th edition. Wayne, PA, US; 2024.
Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, Carmeli Y, Falagas ME, Giske CG, et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2012;18(3):268–281. doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x
Agresti, A. An Introduction to Categorical Data Analysis: Analyzing Contingency Tables. Hoboken, Nueva Jersey, US: John Wiley & Sons; 2018.
Rodrigues IC, Prata JC, Pista Â, Costa PMd. A Systematic Review of Bacterial Sampling Collection for Veterinary Microbiology in Companion Animals. Veterinary Sciences. 2026; 13(2):126. doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020126
Moon DC, Choi JH, Boby N, Kim SJ, Song HJ, Park HS, et al. Prevalence of bacterial species in skin, urine, diarrheal stool, and respiratory samples in cats. Pathogens. 2022;11(3):324. doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11030324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11030324
Elnageh HR, Hiblu MA, Abbassi MS, Abouzeed YM, Ahmed MO. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of staphylococcus species isolated from cats and dogs. Open Veterinary Journal. 2020;10(4):452–456. doi.org/10.4314/ovj.v10i4.13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/ovj.v10i4.13
Marsilio F, Francesco CE, Martino B. Coagulase-Positive and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Animal Diseases. . 2018. doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-813547-1.00004-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813547-1.00004-2
Rumi MV, Nuske E, Mas J, Argüello A, Gutkind G, di Conza J. Antimicrobial resistance in bacterial isolates from companion animals in Buenos Aires, Argentina: 2011–2017 retrospective study. Zoonoses Public Health. 2021;68(5):516–526. doi.org/10.1111/zph.12842. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12842
Ma GC, Worthing KA, Ward MP, Norris JM. Commensal staphylococci including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from dogs and cats in remote New South Wales, Australia. Microbial Ecology. 2020; 79:164–174. doi.org/10.1007/s00248-019-01382-y. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-019-01382-y
Tsuyuki Y, Kurita G, Murata Y, Takahashi T, Veterinary Infection Control Association, Sepsis Working Group. Bacteria isolated from companion animals in Japan (2014–2016) by blood culture. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy. 2018; 24(7):583–587. doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2018.01.014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2018.01.014
Miszczak M, Korzeniowska-Kowal A, Wzorek A, et al. Colonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus species in healthy and sick pets: prevalence and risk factors. BMC Veterinary Research. 2023;19:85. doi.org/10.1186/s12917-023-03640-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-023-03640-1
Darwich L, Seminati C, Burballa A, Nieto A, Durán I, Tarradas N, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates from urinary tract infections in companion animals in Spain. Veterinary Record. 2021;188(9):e60. doi,org/10.1002/vetr.60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.60
Fonseca JD, Mavrides DE, Graham PA, McHugh TD. Results of urinary bacterial cultures and antibiotic susceptibility testing of dogs and cats in the UK. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 2021;62(12):1085–1091. doi.org/10.1111/jsap.13406. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.13406
Koontz CW, Epstein SE, Westropp JL. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from urinary isolates obtained from cats (2013–2020). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2023; 37(3):1077–1087. doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16711. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16711
García-Solache M, Rice LB. The enterococcus: a model of adaptability to its environment. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2019; 32(2). doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00058-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00058-18
Trościańczyk A, Nowakiewicz A, Gnat S, Łagowski D, Osińska M. Are dogs and cats a reservoir of resistant and virulent Enterococcus faecalis strains and a potential threat to public health? Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2021;131(4):2061–2071. doi.org/10.1111/jam.15074. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.15074
Phumthanakorn N, Prapasarakul N, Yindee J, Gronsang D. Frequency, distribution, and antimicrobial resistance of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from clinical samples in dogs and cats. Microbial Drug Resistence. 2022; 28(2):236–243. doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2020.0586. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2020.0586
Kadlec K, Schwarz S. Antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Veterinary Dermatology. 2012;23(4):276–e55. doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01056.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01056.x
Cummings KJ, Aprea VA, Altier C. Antimicrobial resistance trends among canine Escherichia coli isolates obtained from clinical samples in the northeastern USA, 2004–2011. The Canadian Veterinary Journal. 2015;56(4):393–398. PMID: 25829560. PMCID: PMC4357913.
Moon BY, Ali MS, Kwon DH, Heo YE, Hwang YJ, Kim JI, Lee YJ, Yoon SS, Moon DC, Lim SK. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from healthy dogs and cats in South Korea, 2020–2022. Antibiotics. 2024;13(1):27. doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13010027. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13010027
Seo YR, Choi S, Kim S, Kang K, Ro C, Hyeon JY. Antimicrobial resistance profiles of Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichia coli isolated from dogs and cats in Seoul, South Korea during 2021–2023. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2025;12:1563780. doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1563780. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1563780
Ventura M, Oporto-Llerena R, Espinoza K, Guibert F, Quispe AM, Vilar N, López M, Rojo-Bezares B, Sáenz Y, Ruiz J, and Pons MJ. Antimicrobial resistance and associated risk factors in Escherichia coli isolated from Peruvian dogs: A focus on extended-spectrum β-lactamases and colistin. Veterinary World. 2024;17(4),880-887. doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2024.880-887. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2024.880-887
MacFadden DR, McGough SF, Fisman D, Santillana M, Brownstein JS. Antibiotic resistance increases with local temperature. Nature Climate Change. 2018;8(6):510–514. doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0161-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0161-6
Caneschi A, Bardhi A, Barbarossa A, Zaghini A. The use of antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine, a complex phenomenon: a narrative review. Antibiotics. 2023;12(3):487. doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12030487. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12030487
Poirel L, Madec JY, Lupo A, Schink AK, Kieffer N, Nordmann P, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli. Microbiology Spectrum. 2018;6(4):4–6. doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0026-2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0026-2017
Salgado-Caxito M, Benavides JA, Adell AD, Paes AC, Moreno-Switt AI. Global prevalence and molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing-Escherichia coli in dogs and cats –A scoping review and meta-analysis. One Health. 2021;12:100236. doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100236
Ortiz-Díez G, Mengíbar RL, Turrientes MC, Artigao MRB, Gallifa RL, Tello AM, et al. Prevalence, incidence and risk factors for acquisition and colonization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae from dogs attended at a veterinary hospital in Spain. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2023;92:101922. doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101922. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101922
World Health Organization. WHO integrated global surveillance on ESBL-producing E. coli using a “One Health” approach: implementation and opportunities. Healt Topics. Publications. 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240021402
License
Veterinaria México OA by Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.
Based on a work at http://www.revistas.unam.mx
- All articles in Veterinaria México OA re published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC-BY 4.0). With this license, authors retain copyright but allow any user to share, copy, distribute, transmit, adapt and make commercial use of the work, without needing to provide additional permission as long as appropriate attribution is made to the original author or source.
- By using this license, all Veterinaria México OAarticles meet or exceed all funder and institutional requirements for being considered Open Access.
- Authors cannot use copyrighted material within their article unless that material has also been made available under a similarly liberal license.