Effects of different doses of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. seeds on growth performance, intestinal and liver histology and gene expression levels in quail
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Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of ground fennel seed (FS) supplementation to quail feed on growth performance, some slaughter and carcass characteristics, histopathological changes in liver and ileum, and gene expression levels. A single factorial experimental design was used. In total, 160 seven-day-old mixed-sex Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were randomly assigned to four groups of four replicates each. Groups were fed with 0, 1, 2, and 4% FS-supplemented basal diet (control, FS1, FS2, FS4), respectively. Study results showed that FS supplementation did not affect growth performance. Intestinal villus height and villus width decreased significantly in female quails with FS supplementation. Crypt depth increased significantly in FS2 and FS4 males, while it decreased in FS2 females. FS supplementation significantly reduced fatty liver grades in females. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) gene level was significantly increased in FS4 females compared to control group, FS1 and FS2 females and males, and FS4 males only. As a result, FS, a phytoestrogenic plant, has shown different effects depending on sex. The increase in PPARα gene level in FS4 females suggests that FS supplementation affects lipid metabolism in a sex-dependent manner and that the hepatoprotective effect of PPARα may increase as the amount of FS supplementation increases. Considering its positive effect on the grade of fatty liver and PPARα gene level, it was determined that FS supplementation at 4% can be used in female quail feeds to protect animal health and support functional food production.
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