Adrenal and thyroid morphogenesis during prenatal development in red Sokoto goats (Capra hircus)
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The morphological development of the adrenal and thyroid glands was evaluated in fetuses of Red Sokoto goats (Capra hircus) using anatomical techniques. Forty apparently healthy pregnant goats were grouped into first term (0–50 days), early second term (51–75 days), late second term (76–100 days), and third term (101–150 days). The oval, light-pink, paired adrenal glands showed poorly formed parenchymal zones by fetal day (FD) 57. By FD 69, the cortex and medulla were formed, and their thickness increased steadily with age. At FD 102, the adrenal cortex exhibited thin outer, middle, and inner layers, while the adrenal medulla changed from naive cords of cells in the early second term to pale-staining cords bounded by wide sinusoidal spaces towards full term. Thyroid follicle diameter increased linearly with age, with widening lumina filled with colloid. Follicular epithelium consisted mostly of follicular cells; later in the third term, parafollicular cells appeared singly or in clusters within interfollicular connective tissue. These structural changes suggest that the adrenal gland is prepared for adult function, and the thyroid assumes adult morphology early in fetal life, essential for normal physiology in fetuses and postnatally.
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