Determination of the presence of antibodies against various pathogens in pigs from small-scale farms in central Mexico Antibodies against porcine pathogens in small-scale farms
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The presence of pathogens affecting the respiratory tract of pigs is common in swine populations worldwide, and their importance lies in the economic impact they cause due to their high morbidity, potential mortality, and production losses. Small-scale pig farms (SSFs), operating with limited biosecurity conditions, could favor the circulation and spread of respiratory pathogens, affecting their productivity. The objective of this study was to determine the presence of antibodies against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo), Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) virus, and Swine Influenza virus (H1N1 and H3N2) in pigs from SSFs located in central Mexico. Sixty-six blood samples were collected from pigs at different production stages on six farms with full-cycle production and analyzed using serological tests. The seropositivity rates were IP H1N1 (92.4%), App (43.9%), IP H3N2 (40.9%), Mhyo (39.4%), and PRRS (13.6%). A significant association was observed between App seropositivity and production stage (P<0.01), with higher rates in breeding and replacement gilts. Serological associations were also identified between Mhyo and IP H3N2 (P=0.02), and between IP H3N2 and PRRS (P<0.01). These findings demonstrate high exposure to respiratory pathogens in large-scale pigs, attributable to a lack of adequate sanitation and management practices.The need to strengthen epidemiological surveillance and veterinary extension services to mitigate health and production risks in these units is highlighted.
Article Details
References
Martínez RG, Herradora MA, Montero EM, Ramírez G, Espinosa S, Sánchez M, et al. Alternativas para la producción porcina a pequeña escala. Ciudad de México, México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; 2015. 208 pp.
Kim SW, Gormley A, Jang KB, Duarte ME. Current status of global pig production: an overview and research trends. Animal Bioscience. 2024;37(4):719–729. doi.org/10.5713/ab.23.0367. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.23.0367
Martins FM, Trienekens J, Omta O. Implications of horizontal and vertical relationships on farmers performance in the Brazilian pork industry. Livestock Science. 2019;228:161–169. doi.org/10.1061/j.livsci.2019.08.013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2019.08.013
Knox R. Worldwide perspective for swine production and reproduction for the next 20 years. Theriogenology. 2025;234:24–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.11.020
Barrios Melgar C. Propuesta de un sistema de producción híbrido alternativo para porcicultura a mediana y pequeña escala (tesis de maestría). Ciudad de México, México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; 2015.
García Galván A. Diseño e implementacion de formularios de registro para el manejo de base de datos para el análisis de la producción en granjas porcinas de pequeña escala (tesis de licenciatura). Ciudad de México, México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; 2019.
Loeffen WLA, Kamp EM, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Van Nieuwstadt APKMI, Bongers JH, Hunneman WA, et al. Survey of infectious agents involved in acute respiratory disease in finishing pigs. Veterinary Record. 1999;145(5):123–129. doi.org/10.1136/vr.145.5.123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.145.5.123
Cannon RM, Roe RT. Livestock disease surveys. A field manual for veterinarians. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service; 1982.
Snyder ML, et al. Microtitration hemagglutination inhibition test for swine influenza virus (SIV). In: US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Veterinary Services. Serologic microtitration techniques. Ames, Iowa: National Veterinary Services Laboratories; 1981. pp. 32–34.
Wendel HA, Snyder MT, Pell S. Trial of amantadine in epidemic influenza. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1966;7(1):38–43. doi.org/10.1002/cpt19667138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt19667138
Stärk KDC. Epidemiological investigation of the influence of environmental risk on respiratory diseases in swine. Veterinary Journal. 2000;37–56. doi.org/10.1053/tvjl.1999.0421. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/tvjl.1999.0421
Garrido-Mantilla J, Sanhueza J, Alvarez J, Culhane MR, Davies P, Allerson MW, et al. Impact of nurse sows on influenza A virus transmission in pigs under field conditions. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2021;188:105257. doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105257. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105257
Loera VM, Loera A, Morfín M, Jacques M, Avelar FJ, Ramírez F, et al. Porcine respiratory pathogens in swine farms environment in Mexico. Open Journal of Animal Sciences. 2014;04(04):196–205. doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2014.44025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2014.44025
Loeffen WLA, Hunneman WA, Quak J, Verheijden JHM, Stegeman JA. Population dynamics of swine influenza virus in farrow-to-finish and specialised finishing herds in the Netherlands. Veterinary Microbiology. 2009;137(1–2):45–50. doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.01.004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.01.004
López G, Montalvo M, Burgara A, Hernández J. Serological and molecular prevalence of swine influenza virus on farms in northwestern Mexico. Veterinary Microbiology. 2014;172(1–2):323–328. doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.05.017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.05.017
Loera A, Avelar FJ, Loera VM, Jacques M, Guerrero AL. Presence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Streptococcus suis, Pasteurella multocida, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Haemophilus parasuis and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in upper respiratory tract of swine in farms from Aguascalientes, Mexico. Open Journal of Animal Sciences. 2013;03(02):132–137. doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2013.32020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2013.32020
Pacce VD, de Oliveira NR, Jorge S, Dellagostin OA. Occurrence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in slaughter pigs from southern Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science. 2019;56(1):1–5. doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2019.150072. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2019.150072
Albina E. Epidemiology of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS): an overview. Veterinary Microbiology. 1997;55(1–4). doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1135(96)01322-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(96)01322-3
Gerber PF, O´Neill K, Owolodun O, Wang C, Harmon K, Zhang J, et al. Comparison of commercial real-time reverse transcription-PCR assays for reliable, early, and rapid detection of heterologous strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in experimentally infected or noninfected boars by using different. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2013;51(21):547–556. doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02685-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02685-12
License
Veterinaria México OA by Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.
Based on a work at http://www.revistas.unam.mx
- All articles in Veterinaria México OA re published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC-BY 4.0). With this license, authors retain copyright but allow any user to share, copy, distribute, transmit, adapt and make commercial use of the work, without needing to provide additional permission as long as appropriate attribution is made to the original author or source.
- By using this license, all Veterinaria México OAarticles meet or exceed all funder and institutional requirements for being considered Open Access.
- Authors cannot use copyrighted material within their article unless that material has also been made available under a similarly liberal license.